Essay about Poverty and Social Inequalities in the...

Poverty and Social Inequalities in the Structure of Society Poverty can be defined differently, those of contradictory opinions on poverty will probably also have dissimilar opinions on the causes of poverty and the measurement of poverty. For example Marxists and Feminists have ideologies based on conflict. Marxists believe that there is a class struggle, and that the exploitation created by capitalism creates poverty. Feminists believe that Patriarchy builds in social inequalities and their ideologies are demonstrated by the inequalities in salary between women and men. There is also research proving that there are more women than men in poverty, and 93% of lone parents in poverty are women.†¦show more content†¦women and the disabled. The revolutionary overthrow is unlikely to happen because there is not widespread support because most people do not encounter poverty. Feminists believe that society is structured by Patriarchy, the idea that men are the most important people in society, and everything in society is organised to provide for the needs of men. This view is supported by the distribution of salaries; examples of this are managerial positions in large companies where women get paid less for the same job and numerous other industries. Another good example relates to the view that social inequalities are built into society, there are more women that are reliant on the state pension, which is 20% less than mens, this is because women were unable to go out and work when they were younger because they were expected to stay at home to look after their children and have therefore been unable to contribute to a pension, this demonstrates the in-built inequalities in society. Glendinning, Millar and Townsend have identified, through research, the feminisation of poverty, whereby the poor are made up of more women than men. Feminists will also argue that the benefit system has assumed that women are dependent upon men and this means the welfare state functions to maintainShow MoreRelatedPoverty And Poverty Essay785 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding of social problems. The different views presented by these theoretical approaches are critical not only in understanding but also in resolving the various social issues. Poverty presents as one issue that every society has to grapple with given its inherent tendency to pose a threat to not only the poor but to the society as a whole (Mooney, Knox Schacht, 2014). The issue of poverty can always be argued from different sociological perspectives. The functionalist theory claims that social stabilityRead MoreThe Undeserving and Deserving Poor Structure1065 Words   |  5 Pageswhether frictional forces create a continuum of inequality, or whether a defined underclass does exist. The question asks if poor people belong in a separate underclass, which is a vague definition. Ther e will always be poor people, but whether or not this automatically qualifies them as a separate underclass is tenuous at best. Even the most radical proponents for the existence of the underclass stop short of declaring all those below the poverty line as the underclass. This essay will analyseRead MoreThe Structural Theory Of Poverty1031 Words   |  5 Pagespowerhouse. However, poverty is still a prevalent and pervasive social problem (Arneson, 2007). This paper will discuss the sociological concepts and theories surrounding this pertinent issue. In addition, it will point out the value of sociological research into this social ill. Lastly, it will present evidence to support the hypothesis that poverty is a structural failure. In contrast to the school of thought supported by a number of sociologists that claims that poverty is a personal failureRead MoreSocial Inequalities Within New Zealand Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will be discussing the social inequalities within New Zealand. These inequalities can include unequal income, education and healthcare. Through extensive research of academic resources, I will be discussing how educational, family, social and political factors contribute to the development of these inequalities. I will also be providing a line graph that shows the unequal income between classes and a second line graph that demonstrates the difference in student success between high decileRead MoreDiscrimination On The Workplace And Can Result On Psychological Trauma1615 Words   |  7 Pages For centuries, society has been shaped following a structure that might have slightly changed over time, however not in a radical way. As stated by Giddens, structure could be defined by a set of rules, laws and resources that societies follow, by producing and reproducing social practices. Women’s voice in the structure has variated from being nearly insignificant to consequent, indeed they represent half of the workforce worldwide in 2011.** However, gender inequalities persists with a genderRead MoreWar On Poverty And Poverty1662 Words   |  7 Pagescan recall, war on poverty was declared more than 50 years ago. Yet, more than 46 million Americans continue to live in poverty. Thus, with bipartisan support, policies and programs have been passed by the various administrations making a significant impact on reducing poverty, but not winning the battle. Poverty is a concerning matter that must be nationally recognized given the fact that the issues and obstacles faced by the impoverished are the root cause of constant poverty among communities.Read MoreA Theoretical Review Of Global Stratification913 Words   |  4 PagesStratification Global stratification is defined as social inequality throughout the world. It is an unequal distribution of wealth and poverty, of resources and opportunities. Global stratification is much greater than social stratification in the United States or in any single nation and continues to increase. The poorest people in the United States have a much higher quality of life than most other people in the world. As a result of this global inequality, countries are classified into three categoriesRead MoreTo What Extent Do Democracies Affect A Nation s Poverty?1578 Words   |  7 Pages To what extent do democracies affect a nation’s poverty? My question was inspired by the article â€Å" The Life of the Peasants†. This article informs readers how bad the conditions were for peasants and the detrimental impacts that occurred on the peasants. Poverty is a serious topic that needs to be re-evaluated and analyzed some more. â€Å"Globally, about 21,000 people die every day of hunger or hunger-related causes†, according to the United Nations. This is one person every four seconds and unfortunatelyRead MoreEssay about The Status of Single Mothers1651 Words   |  7 Pageswith women that are supported by government aid, especially single mothers. The women on welfare are often treated poorly because people think they are ‘working the system’. Tax payers feel as if the single mothers on welfare perpetuated their own poverty by having children that they cannot support, just for a bigger welfare check. They often assume that these women do not work and just live off government handouts. I know of moth ers that fit this stereotype; adults still living in their parents housesRead MoreWelfare Fraud : A Black Woman1289 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscourse of welfares’ effects on poverty. The â€Å"welfare queen† can be analyzed by two competing explanations: Oscar Lewis’s theory of the culture of poverty and the social construction of race, also known as racial formation. Oscar Lewis (1959) in his book, Five Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty, discusses the culture of poverty by accepting poverty by adopting set of values, behaviors, and ideas to deal with poverty. This ends up perpetuating poverty because this culture is passed

Kant s Theory Of Rights - 929 Words

Kantian Justice Kant believed that humans beings are rational beings, worthy of dignity and respect. That the moral action does not consist on the consequences but instead in the intention of why the act was done. Its important to do what is right because it is right, and not for a personal motive. Kant does not believe in self-interest to be part of the moral worth. Self-interest such as wants, desires, and appetites are part of what he calls â€Å"motives of inclination†. He only believes that actions done by motive of duty have a moral worth. The differences between duty and inclination is that inclination involves personal interest, in other words that a person can get benefit by doing the right thing and not because the individual wants to do it. Duty motive involves individuals that do not get any personal benefit from their actions. (M.J Sandel, 2009) Kant’s theory of rights involves a strict logical deduction of the principle of justice from the moral law. The principle of justice must fix human rights that would make any government respect and enforce every individual autonomy. In Kant’s readings, â€Å"autonomy is the universal ethical ideal for all individuals, and its realization requires the political commitment to the legal protection of a set of ahistorical individual rights, most notably the right to external liberty† (Beck, G., 2006). Autonomy requires positively, obedience of the moral law. For Kant, autonomy is the end of every individual. Kant believes thatShow MoreRelatedThe Case Of Evan Motts Assisting His Wife s Euthanasia Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesI am going to discuss in this essay the case of Evan Motts assisting his wife s euthanasia. I will cover the ethical issues regarding this topic including whether or not Evan should be punished. I will look at the theories of Kantian Ethics and Utilitarianism to justify whether or not Evan s actions were morally right. An Auckland man is facing a charge that carries a maximum penalty of 14 years after assisting his terminally ill wife to commit suicide. Evan Mott researched suicide methods andRead MoreKant And John Stuart Mill s Utility Based, Utilitarian Moral Theory1551 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most intriguing aspects of moral theory is not merely analyzing disagreements between renowned, intellectual giants, but examining the ways in which near polar ideologies can arise to similar conclusions based on vastly different rationales. Immanuel Kant s duty-based, deontological moral theory and John Stuart Mill s utility-based, utilitarian moral theory are prime examples of antithetical viewpoints that share similar outlooks to ethical subjects such as lying and helping those inRead MoreKantian Ethics1459 Words   |  6 PagesIn society, morality is defined as the beliefs and ideas of what is right or wrong behaviour. (Can you cite a dictionary?) The teachings of morality also known as moral education is heavily dependent on individuals that have a major impact on one`s life. The teachings usually start from a young age through parents, caregivers and educators in society. Due to their influence on young children`s lives it is their responsibility to make certain that young children will learn to make logical decisionsRead MoreKant s Theory Of Morality982 Words   |  4 PagesImmanuel Kant is said by many to be one of the most influential â€Å"thinkers† in the history of Western philosophy (McCormick, n.d.), this being said, most of his theories continue to be taught and are highly respected by society. Kant was a firm believer that the morality of any action can be assessed by the motivation behind it (McCormick, n.d.). In other words, if an action is good but the intention behind the action is not good, the action itself would be considered immoral. Those who follow theRead MoreKant And The Moral Law1451 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Kant argues that mere conformity with the moral law is not sufficient for moral goodness. I will argue that Kant is right. In this essay I will explain why Kant distinguishes between conforming with the moral law and acting for the sake of the moral law, and what that distinction means to Kant, before arguing why Kant was right. 2) Meaning of Kant’s Statement Why: According to Kant, we can control the will and meaning behind our actions. The morality of an action should be assessedRead MoreWhat Has Posterity Ever Done For Me By Robert Heilbroner1626 Words   |  7 Pagesregards to preserving the planet. In this paper, I will present Heilbroner s arguments for posterity, in relation to how we treat our environment. In addition, I will compare two ethical theories, Kant s Categorical Imperative to Mill s theory of Utilitarianism. I will then argue as to why Utilitarianism is more plausible in respect to Heilbroner s environmental view on posterity. Furthermore, I will point out why Kantian theory does not at all support the idea of environmental preservation for futureRead MoreThe Moral Value Of Ethics1261 Words   |  6 PagesDeontology Of the many theories non-consequentialism produces, one is called Deontology. This theory states the only way to complete a moral action is by doing ones duty. In Deontology, the end result is irrelevant meaning bad consequences have no affect on the morality of the action. The thesis I will prove is when deciding on the best course of action the principles of Deontology ethics and their emphasis on considerations of doing ones duty, offer effective framework for the moral value ofRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Ethical Theory1527 Words   |  7 Pagesassess whether one s actions are just and whether we can truly make the right decision based on any ethical framework. An ethical structure such as Universalism, is most often associated with Immanuel Kant. Immanuel Kant was a philosopher of German descent, who lived from 1724- 1804 and was most notable for his work in ethics. Kant suggest that one should assess whether an act is right or wrong by weighing if it is honest, fair , respectf ul and just. 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Many people find Kant’s Theory as a form deontological ethics; where actions of right and wrong. Does not depend on their consequences, but on whether they fulfill our duty and/or obligations. Immanuel Kant emphasized the idea that we have duties and

Gearing and Capital Structure Test Free Essays

Q1. The profit loss statement of Biro Co is given below: $000 Revenue 15,000 Cost of Sales (3,000) Gross profit 12,000 Expenses (2,500) Profit before interest tax 9,500 Interest (2,200) Tax (1,300) Net Profit 6,000 If 15% Expenses 50% Cost of sales are variable costs. What is the operational gearing of Biro Co. We will write a custom essay sample on Gearing and Capital Structure Test or any similar topic only for you Order Now nearest two decimal places using (Contribution à · PBIT)? (FIB)95256604000 (2 marks) Q2. Hutt Co. has a debt of $200m with equity of $400m. The new investors are confused on the gearing level of Hutt Co. If the investors use debt to debt plus equity method which stage of gearing level is Hutt Co at? (MCQ) Ungeared Normal Geared Highly Geared Low Geared (2 marks) Q3. What will be the effect on the financial risk of a company if the interest covers are as follows? (HA) Interest Cover is 6.5 times HIGH LOW Interest Cover is 3 times HIGH LOW (2 marks) Q4. The ordinary shares of a company have a face value of $0.3/share are currently traded on the market for $5/share. The bonds have a face value of $100 and currently, trade at $110. The preference shares have a face value of $1 and currently, trade at 60 cents. What is the market value based gearing of the company, defined as prior charge capital/equity using the following information giving an answer to the nearest %? (FIB) $000 $000 Equity Reserves 10,000 Ordinary Shares 4,200 14,200 Non-current liabilities Bank loans 5,100 Bonds 3,500 Preference shares 6,000 14,600 Current Liabilities Overdraft 2,000 Payables 3,200 5,200 34,000 -2032014541500 (2 marks) Q5. Which of the following ratios relate to either Financial Risk or Business Risk? (HA) (Debt/Equity) Ãâ€" 100 FINANCIAL BUSINESS (PBIT/Interest) FINANCIAL BUSINESS (Fixed Cost/Variable Cost) FINANCIAL BUSINESS (2 marks) Q6. At 15th December 2011, a marketing agency declares an interim ordinary dividend of 9.3c/share and a final ordinary dividend of 10.2c/share. Assuming an ex-div share price of 612c, what is the dividend yield? (MCQ) 1.52% 1.67% 3.19% 3.74% (2 marks) Q7. A company has $205m assets and has liabilities of $70m. Current liabilities make up 20% of the total liabilities. The company has a profit after tax of $130 and the corporation tax in the market is 25%. The company has no interest paying loans. What is the return on capital employed? (MCQ) 63% 68% 79% 85% (2 marks) Q8. A group of shareholders was expecting an overall bad result for dividends but when the results were announced the results were not as bad as it was expected by the shareholders. This would probably have the following impact: (HA) Dividend Yield INCREASE UN-EFFECTED DECREASE Price/ Earnings ratio INCREASE UN-EFFECTED DECREASE (2 marks) Q9. Warden Co. has a current share price of $8.5/share which was previously $4.7/share. The company paid a dividend of $2.6/share. What return would the shareholders likely to be given on their investment? (FIB) 400055461000 (2 marks) Q10. Which of the following statement relates to the ratios given below? (PD) It provides a basic measure of the company performance This is the basic measure of a company’s performance from an ordinary shareholder’s point of view An indication of the effect on shareholders wealth RETURN OF SHAREHOLDERS PRICE/EARNINGS RATIO EARNINGS PER SHARE (2 marks) GEARING AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE (ANSWERS) Q1. 1.38 Cost of sales = 3,000 Ãâ€" 50% = 1,500 Expenses = 2,500 Ãâ€" 15% = 375 Total variable cost = 1,875 Contribution = 15,000 – 1,875 = 13,125 Operational Gearing = 13,125 à · 9,500 = 1.38 Q2. D Gearing = [200 à · (400+200)] Ãâ€" 100 = 33.33% Ungeared (0%), Normal Geared (=50%), Highly Geared (50%) Low Geared (50%) Q3. Interest Cover is 6.5 times HIGH Interest Cover is 3 times LOW The interest cover ratio is a measure of financial risk which is designed to show the risks in terms of profit rather than in terms of capital values. Q4. 18% Equity = (4,200 à · 0.3) Ãâ€" 5 = 70,000 Preference shares = (6,000 à · 1) Ãâ€" 0.6 =3,600 Bonds = (3,500 à · 100) Ãâ€" 110 = 3,850 Gearing = [(3,600 + 3,850 + 5,100) à · 70,000] Ãâ€" 100 = 18% Q5. (Debt/Equity) Ãâ€" 100 FINANCIAL (PBIT/Interest) FINANCIAL (Fixed Cost/Variable Cost) BUSINESS Financial Gearing (Debt/Equity) Ãâ€" 100 Interest Cover (PBIT/Interest) Operational Gearing (Fixed Cost/Variable Cost) Q6. C Dividend yield = (9.3 + 10.2) à · 612 = 0.03186 0.03186 Ãâ€" 100 = 3.19% Q7. D Current liabilities = 70 Ãâ€" 20% = 14 Capital employed = 205 – 14 = 191 Profit before interest tax = 130 Ãâ€" 125% = 162.5 ROCE = (162.5 à · 191) Ãâ€" 100 = 85% Q8. Dividend Yield DECREASE Price/ Earnings ratio INCREASE The results were better than expected would most likely increase the share price resulting in an increase in price/earnings ratio. On the other hand with same logic dividend yield will decrease as by looking at its formula (dividend/share price), hence higher the denominator lower the ratio. Q9. 136% Total shareholder return = [2.6 + (8.5 – 4.7)] à · 4.7 = 1.36 = 1.36 Ãâ€" 100 = 136% Q10. It provides a basic measure of the company performance PRICE/EARNINGS RATIO This is the basic measure of a company’s performance from an ordinary shareholder’s point of view EARNINGS PER SHARE An indication of the effect on shareholders wealth RETURN OF SHAREHOLDERS How to cite Gearing and Capital Structure Test, Papers